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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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Cardiovascular risk posed by the exposome.

Andreas Daiber1, Sanjay Rajagopalan2, Marin Kuntic1

  • 1Department of Cardiology - Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany.

Atherosclerosis
|May 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are major global health threats. The exposome concept helps understand environmental impacts on health, guiding preventive medicine for diseases like atherosclerosis.

Keywords:
Atherosclerotic diseasesChronic non-communicable diseasesEnvironment-related cardiovascular diseasesEnvironmental risk factorsExposomeInflammation and oxidative stress

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health Sciences
  • Public Health
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) cause two-thirds of global deaths.
  • Environmental factors like pollution, stress, and climate change significantly contribute to NCDs.
  • The exposome concept integrates environmental exposures with health outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of the environment on health and disease.
  • To explain the exposome concept and its measurement.
  • To discuss exposomic biomarkers and their role in atherosclerosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review using Global Burden of Disease Study data.
  • Explanation of the exposome concept and its subcategories.
  • Discussion of exposomic measurement techniques and identified biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • Environmental exposures are key drivers of NCDs and premature mortality.
  • Exposomic research identifies biomarkers linked to atherosclerosis development.
  • Pathophysiological pathways include stress, oxidative stress, inflammation, and circadian dysregulation.

Conclusions:

  • The exposome concept is crucial for understanding environment-health links.
  • Exposomic research informs preventive medicine strategies for NCDs.
  • Understanding the exposome is vital for cardiovascular disease research and therapy.