Unveiling the molecular basis of hygienic behavior in Apis cerana indica through antennal proteomics

Hygienic behavior in honey bees, particularly Apis cerana indica, is essential for the health of the colony as it helps reduce the impact of diseases and parasites. Despite its importance, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain inadequately characterized. Using a label-free quantitative proteomics method, this study investigates the antennal proteome associated with hygienic behavior. We employed Principal Component Analysis, Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis, and RT-qPCR to identify significant proteins that are involved in this behavior. Our analysis identified 408 proteins in colonies demonstrating high hygienic behavior and 419 proteins in those with low hygienic behavior, with 219 proteins showing significant differences in abundance. Notably, several odorant-binding proteins were upregulated in high-hygiene colonies. Furthermore, pathway enrichment analysis revealed that RNA transport and various signaling pathways are involved in this behavioral trait. The protein-protein interaction analysis illustrated substantial clustering among the odorant-binding proteins, underscoring their critical role in the mechanisms underlying hygienic behavior. This research enhances our understanding of the molecular basis of hygienic behavior in Apis cerana indica, positioning odorant-binding proteins as potential biomarkers for further studies that aim at improving colony health and resilience against pests and diseases.