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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

1.9K
The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2025

Author Spotlight: Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
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Author Spotlight: Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans

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Skull Base Anatomy Presented in 360° Photogrammetry 3-Dimensional Models.

Francesco Carbone1,2, Daniele Armocida3,4, Toma Spiriev5

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Karlsruher Neurozentrum, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe , Germany.

Operative Neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.)
|May 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Realistic 3D anatomical models of the skull base were created using photogrammetry. These 360° virtual models enhance understanding of complex neurovascular structures and offer a valuable educational resource.

Keywords:
3-dimensional modelsAnatomyCranial nervesEducationPhotogrammetrySkull base

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Anatomical Imaging
  • Medical Education

Background:

  • Complex skull base anatomy presents challenges for traditional learning methods.
  • Three-dimensional (3D) anatomical models offer potential for enhanced spatial comprehension.
  • Photogrammetry enables the creation of photorealistic 3D surface scans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a 360° visualization of central skull base neuroanatomical landmarks.
  • To demonstrate the utility of photogrammetry in generating realistic 3D anatomical models.
  • To create an accessible virtual resource for studying skull base anatomy.

Main Methods:

  • A formaldehyde-fixed head specimen underwent detailed exocranial and endocranial dissections.
  • Cranial nerves, vessels, and associated structures were meticulously dissected and identified.
  • The specimen was 3D scanned using photogrammetry, refined with modeling software, and uploaded for virtual reality and web visualization.

Main Results:

  • Seven photorealistic 3D models of the skull base were generated.
  • Virtual reality videos provided immersive 360° views of neurovascular anatomy.
  • Accurate 3D depictions captured intracranial and exocranial perspectives of key structures.

Conclusions:

  • Developed 3D 360° photogrammetric models enhance understanding of skull base anatomy.
  • These models provide customizable views and complement traditional anatomical resources.
  • The freely accessible models represent a valuable educational tool for neuroanatomy.