Imaging in Acute Obstetric Conditions: A Pictorial Essay

Acute abdominopelvic pain during pregnancy and the postpartum period is a diagnostic challenge owing to the overlapping symptoms of obstetric, gastrointestinal, and urinary conditions coupled with pregnancy-induced physiological changes. This pictorial essay reviews critical obstetric emergencies and categorizes cases into two phases: the first covers the preconception-to-pregnancy period, while the second focuses on the postpartum period. This essay covers key obstetric emergencies, such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, hyperreactio luteinalis, ectopic pregnancy, red degeneration of fibroids, placenta accreta spectrum disorders, placental abruption, uterine rupture, retained products of conception, and uterine arteriovenous malformations, with an emphasis on their clinical and imaging characteristics. While ultrasound remains the first-line modality, MRI offers superior soft tissue contrast for more complex cases, and CT is reserved for critical scenarios in which the radiation risk is outweighed by diagnostic necessity. Timely and accurate imaging is essential for differentiating these conditions, guiding interventions, such as uterine arterial embolization and surgery, and minimizing maternal and fetal morbidity. This work aims to enhance the diagnostic precision and multidisciplinary management of obstetric emergencies, ensuring optimal clinical outcomes.