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Carbon-13 (¹³C) NMR: Overview01:10

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Carbon-13 is a naturally occurring NMR-active isotope of carbon with a low natural abundance of 1.1%. In contrast, carbon-12 is the most abundant isotope of carbon with zero nuclear spin. Therefore, it is NMR inactive. The gyromagnetic ratio of carbon-13 is smaller than that of protons. As a result, carbon-13 resonance is about 6000 times weaker than proton resonance. For a given magnetic field strength, the resonance frequency of carbon-13 is about one-fourth of the resonance frequency for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2025

Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis
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Tracing Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Signals From Water Sources to Tree-Ring Compounds.

Haoyu Diao1, Meisha Holloway-Phillips1, Fabian Bernhard1

  • 1Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.

Plant, Cell & Environment
|May 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Tree rings reveal water sources using stable isotopes. Oxygen-18 in cellulose tracks water better than hydrogen-2, while lignin

Keywords:
cellulosehydrogen isotopelignin methoxy groupsoxygen atom exchangeprecipitationseasonal origin indexsoil watertree water uptakexylem water

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Area of Science:

  • Isotope Hydrology
  • Dendrochronology
  • Forest Ecohydrology

Background:

  • Stable isotopes (δ18O, δ2H) in tree rings offer insights into environmental waters.
  • Long-term isotopic datasets are crucial for understanding these relationships but are scarce.
  • Norway spruce (Picea abies) in Swiss forests were studied to address this data gap.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the isotopic relationships between environmental waters and tree-ring compounds.
  • To assess the suitability of tree-ring cellulose and lignin for ecohydrological reconstructions.
  • To develop transfer functions for estimating forest water sources and dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed 17-year time series (2006-2022) of δ18O and δ2H in soil solution, modeled precipitation, xylem water, and tree-ring cellulose and lignin.
  • Utilized bi-weekly measurements across three distinct Swiss forest sites.
  • Correlated isotopic data to establish relationships and develop predictive transfer functions.

Main Results:

  • Tree-ring cellulose δ18O effectively preserves water source information, outperforming δ2H.
  • Tree-ring lignin δ2H serves as a valuable alternative proxy for soil water, especially when cellulose data is less informative.
  • Significant linear isotopic relationships were found, enabling the development of transfer functions linking tree-ring isotopes to precipitation and xylem water.

Conclusions:

  • Tree-ring cellulose δ18O is a reliable proxy for ecohydrological reconstructions.
  • Lignin δ2H offers a complementary proxy for tracing soil water sources.
  • Developed transfer functions enhance the interpretation of tree-ring isotope signals for retrospective analysis of forest water dynamics.