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Noncompartmental Analysis: Mean Transit, Absorption and Dissolution Time

Noncompartmental Analysis: Mean Transit, Absorption and Dissolution Time

When drugs are administered extravascularly, a comprehensive evaluation through noncompartmental analysis becomes imperative. This analytical approach considers various parameters that play a crucial role in understanding the pharmacokinetics of these drugs.
One of the key parameters is the mean transit time (MTT), which refers to the total duration required for drug molecules to transit through the body. MTT is determined by calculating the ratio of the area under the moment curve to the area...

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution

The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.

Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In situ

Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In situ

In situ experiments, such as the Doluisio method and Single-Pass Perfusion technique, provide critical insights into drug uptake by simulating in vivo conditions for drug absorption.
The Doluisio method involves perfusing a prepared segment of a rat's small intestine with a solution of radiolabeled drug and a non-absorbable marker. This helps to differentiate between absorbed and non-absorbed drug concentrations. The intestinal segment is connected at both ends using tubing and syringes,...

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Presystemic Elimination

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Presystemic Elimination

The pharmacokinetic journey of oral drugs begins with a crucial first pass through the hepatic portal system, called the first-pass effect. This first pass significantly impacts bioavailability — the proportion of a drug that enters systemic circulation and is available for therapeutic action. The primary route sees the drug absorbed by intestinal membranes and then shunted to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. Here, pre-systemic elimination occurs as drugs face metabolism or biliary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2025

Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Methods to Detect and Characterize Dysphagia in Murine Disease Models

Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Methods to Detect and Characterize Dysphagia in Murine Disease Models

Published on: March 1, 2015

Pill Shape Determines Esophageal Transit Times-A Pill-to-Pill Study.

Jacqui Allen^1,2, Georgia MacKay¹, Anna Miles³

¹Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

The Laryngoscope

|May 9, 2025

Summary

Oval pills transit the esophagus faster than round pills, benefiting patients with swallowing difficulties. However, round pills are better for diagnosing esophageal issues during VFSS.

Keywords:

capsules dysphagia esophageal transit times pills stasis swallowing

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Last Updated: May 12, 2025

Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Methods to Detect and Characterize Dysphagia in Murine Disease Models

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Published on: March 1, 2015

Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring

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Published on: December 14, 2020

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment

Published on: December 3, 2020

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Pharmacology
Medical Imaging

Background:

Pill design parameters like shape and size are crucial in medication manufacturing.
Esophageal transit time (ETTp) is a key factor in pill efficacy and patient experience.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the hypothesis that oval-shaped pills transit the esophagus faster than round pills.
To compare the esophageal transit time of round and oval barium dummy-pills in healthy individuals and those with swallowing complaints.

Main Methods:

Esophageal transit time (pill) (ETTp) was measured using quantitative software.
Round and oval barium dummy-pills were administered to 112 healthy individuals and 50 individuals with swallowing complaints.
Data was collected during Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Studies (VFSS).

Main Results:

Oval pills demonstrated significantly faster esophageal transit times compared to round pills in both healthy adults (5.4s vs. 26.4s) and individuals with swallowing complaints (9s vs. 45s).
Age and gender distributions differed between groups, with faster oval pill transit associated with younger, more female populations.

Conclusions:

Medication shape significantly impacts esophageal transit time (ETTp), with oval pills offering faster transit.
While oval pills are beneficial for patients with dysphagia, round pills are more effective for diagnostic purposes during VFSS due to their ability to highlight esophageal abnormalities.
Pill shape selection should be guided by the intended use, prioritizing oval shapes for therapeutic administration in patients with swallowing impairments and round shapes for diagnostic evaluations.