Host-microbial interactions in the esophagus

Host-microbial interactions within the gastrointestinal tract are increasingly recognized as contributors to health and disease, yet our understanding of these interactions in the esophagus remains limited. Dysbiosis of the esophageal microbiome has been linked to esophageal disorders, but the precise mechanisms underlying microbial contributions to esophageal pathophysiology remain speculative. This review explores the mechanisms by which the esophageal microbiome modulates mucosal immunity, epithelial barrier integrity, and inflammatory responses. We highlight key host receptors that mediate these interactions and microbial metabolites that influence the local immune environment and epithelial function. By synthesizing current knowledge on how the microbiome impacts esophageal health, we identify significant knowledge gaps and propose areas for future research.