Construction of Various Time-Varying Hamiltonians on Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Chip

Integrated photonics provides an important platform for simulating physical models with high-performance chip-scale devices, where the lattice size and the time dependence of a model are key ingredients for further enriching the functionality of a photonic chip. Here, we propose and demonstrate the construction of various time-varying Hamiltonian models using a single microresonator on thin-film lithium niobate chip. Such an integrated microresonator holds high-quality factor to 10^{6}, and supports the construction of the synthetic frequency lattice with effective lattice sites up to 221 under efficient integrated electro-optic modulation. By further applying different bichromatic modulations composed of two radio-frequency signals oppositely detuned from the resonant frequency in the microresonator, we successfully build various time-varying Hamiltonian models, where the temporal features of the dynamic band structures are captured from experimental measurements, highlighting great flexibility and tunability of this integrated chip. Our work presents a photonic chip for simulating versatile time-varying Hamiltonians, which pushes forward quantum simulations and future photonic applications.