Plasmonic Molecular Entrapment for Label-Free Methylated DNA Detection and Machine-Learning Assisted Quantification

Epigenetic DNA methylations are linked to the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. A reliable and label-free method to quantitatively measure DNA methylation levels is essential for diagnosing and monitoring methylation-related diseases. Herein, plasmonic molecular entrapment (PME) method assisted SERS as facile strategy for trapping and label-free sensing of DNA methylation, utilizing in situ surface growth of plasmonic particle in the presence of target analytes, are developed. This highly sensitive and adaptable technique forms hotspot sites around target analytes, overcoming mismatch geometrical properties and producing a strong electromagnetic field that leads to significant SERS signal enhancement. The PME method effectively profiles and quantifies DNA methylation, demonstrating robust capabilities for DNA analysis. A logistic regression (LR)-based machine learning accurately quantifies and classifies methylation levels in clinical serum samples of colorectal cancer and normal patients with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, highlighting the feasibility of this technique. The developed PME method combined with machine learning offers promising sensing techniques for disease screening and diagnosis, marking a significant advancement in disease detection and patient care.