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Evolution of COVID-19 mortality risk: A retrospective study of three epidemic waves in Faridabad, India

L Parashar1, G G Meshram2, S L Vig3

  • 1Department of Statistics, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Jaipur 303002, Rajasthan, India.

Semergen
|May 9, 2025
PubMed

Insights

COVID-19 mortality risk factors shifted across epidemic waves in India. Comorbidities and severe disease remained key, while sociodemographic impacts lessened over time, especially during peak waves.

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has presented distinct epidemic waves globally.
  • Understanding evolving risk factors for COVID-19 mortality is crucial for public health strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare sociodemographic, comorbidity, and clinical variables associated with COVID-19 mortality across three distinct epidemic waves in Faridabad, India.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 5217 COVID-19 patient records from a tertiary care center in Faridabad, India.
  • Categorization of epidemic waves: Wave 1 (Apr 2020-Jan 2021), Wave 2 (Mar 2021-Jun 2021), Wave 3 (Dec 2021-Feb 2022).
  • Statistical analysis using Chi-square and Cochran-Armitage tests to assess associations with mortality and trends across waves.

Main Results:

  • Comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension), multimorbidity, and severe disease requiring ICU/ventilator support were consistently linked to higher COVID-19 mortality.
  • Sociodemographic factors significantly impacted mortality in the first two waves but diminished in the third.
  • Clinical symptoms like 'cold and flu' remained significant across all waves; mortality peaked in the second wave, disproportionately affecting females, older individuals, and those with comorbidities or severe symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • Shifting risk factors for COVID-19 mortality necessitate adaptive public health interventions.
  • Prioritizing high-risk groups during peak epidemic waves is essential for optimizing resource allocation and reducing mortality.
Abstract

Keywords:
COVID-19ComorbidityComorbilidadFactores de riesgoMortalidadMortalityMultimorbidityMultimorbilidadRisk factors

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