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Kiln architecture evolved based on environmental factors and changing needs, moving from hazard avoidance to energy efficiency. This study proposes a new framework for protecting these structures by analyzing their ecological and structural features.

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Area of Science:

  • Architecture
  • Environmental Science
  • Cultural Heritage Studies

Background:

  • Existing research on kiln architecture primarily focuses on structural analysis, often overlooking the crucial interplay between these structures and their surrounding ecological environment.
  • Heritage conservation and economic benefits of kiln architecture are recognized, yet the ecological mechanisms driving their development and form remain underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the structural features, ecological technologies, and conservation status of kiln architecture across China.
  • To propose a novel protective framework for kiln architecture based on ecologicality-architecture-cultural resilience theory.
  • To investigate the influence of natural and socio-political factors on the evolution and diversification of kiln architecture.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized KH Coder data mining for analyzing structural features, ecological technologies, and conservation status.
  • Employed hierarchical event coding to understand developmental trajectories.
  • Constructed an ecologicality-architecture-cultural resilience theory to guide the analysis.

Main Results:

  • Kiln architecture has diversified from built-against-the-mountain to semi-buried, fully-buried, reinforced earth-covered, and independent forms, driven by functional shifts towards climate adaptability and energy saving.
  • Climate, topography, and soil are primary drivers for distinct kiln architecture types (e.g., built-against-the-mountain, sunken courtyard).
  • Geological characteristics and material availability significantly influence regional variations in vaulted structural features.

Conclusions:

  • The natural environment plays a decisive role in shaping the forms and variations of kiln architecture.
  • Cultural archaeology and technological advancements have historically driven functional transformation and ecological planning in cave dwelling environments.
  • Political factors have influenced the standardization of construction techniques, complementing environmental drivers.