Flies as Vectors of Foodborne Pathogens Through Food Animal Production: Factors Affecting Pathogen and Antimicrobial...

Flies play an important role in the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) foodborne pathogens in animal production systems, posing risks to food safety and public health. Synanthropic fly species, including house flies (Musca domestica), face flies (Musca autumnalis), blow flies (Calliphoridae), and flesh flies (Sarcophagidae), mechanically and/or biologically transmit bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella, and Campylobacter spp. Their frequent contact with manure, animal waste, and processing environments enables the transfer of AMR pathogens across food production systems. This review synthesizes recent research on the interactions between flies and foodborne pathogens, highlighting the role of fly physiology, behavior, and microbial associations in pathogen transport. Additionally, it introduces the influence of environmental factors on pathogen dissemination and evaluates current Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies, including biological, chemical, and physical control methods, for mitigating fly-mediated pathogen transmission. Understanding these systems is essential for developing targeted interventions to reduce the burden of AMR pathogens in food production and enhance public health protection.