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Related Concept Videos

Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

140
Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
140
Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

844
Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
844
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

157
A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
157
Acute Respiratory Failure-IV01:23

Acute Respiratory Failure-IV

107
Respiratory failure can manifest suddenly or gradually, characterized by a rapid decline in PaO2 and a rapid rise in PaCO2. This situation indicates a severe respiratory problem that may quickly become a life-threatening emergency. One of the early signs of hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is a change in mental status due to the brain's sensitivity to oxygen levels and changes in acid-base balance. Symptoms such as restlessness, confusion, and agitation suggest inadequate oxygen...
107

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2025

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
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A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

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Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy following intrapartum asphyxia: is it avoidable?

Mikko Tarvonen1, Riina Jernman1, Vedran Stefanovic1

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|May 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Nearly half of term hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) cases with normal admission cardiotocograms were potentially avoidable. Optimal intrapartum care could prevent one-fifth of all HIE cases.

Keywords:
admission cardiotocographyavoidable perinatal brain injuryhypoxic-ischemic encephalopathyintrapartum asphyxia

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Area of Science:

  • Perinatal Medicine
  • Neonatology
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • The incidence and preventability of term hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) during labor require further investigation.
  • Defining "avoidable perinatal brain injury" is crucial for improving neonatal outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of intrapartum asphyxia on neonatal HIE.
  • To determine the proportion of HIE cases preventable with timely interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective 20-year birth cohort study of term singleton deliveries (N=317,126).
  • Analysis of admission and intrapartum cardiotocography (CTG) recordings.
  • Assessment of cord blood gases, erythropoietin, S100β, and placental histopathology.

Main Results:

  • 314 term HIE cases identified; 44.9% had normal admission CTG.
  • 90.1% of HIE with normal admission CTG showed severe acidemia, indicating intrapartum origin.
  • Half of intrapartum HIE cases with normal admission CTG were deemed potentially avoidable (22.3% of all HIE cases).

Conclusions:

  • 98% of HIE cases with normal admission CTG were linked to intrapartum asphyxia.
  • Findings suggest that approximately one-fifth of all HIE cases could be prevented through improved intrapartum care.
  • Optimal intrapartum management is critical for reducing HIE incidence.