Ex vivo culture models to study viral infections of the liver

Ex vivo liver culture models, particularly three-dimensional (3D) models, are vital for studying viral infections of the liver, as they replicate the complex microenvironment more accurately than traditional two-dimensional cultures. These models are essential for understanding viral pathogenesis, replication, and host responses, which are crucial for developing antiviral therapies. Here, we review various ex vivo liver culture models, including primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), liver-on-a-chip, organoids, and precision-cut liver slices. Each model has unique advantages and limitations. For instance, PHHs maintain physiological characteristics but have a limited lifespan, while liver-on-a-chip systems enable dynamic studies but require advanced engineering. Despite challenges in translating findings to human disease, these 3D models hold promise for advancing liver disease research and drug development. Future research should focus on expanding the scope of these models to include a wider range of viruses and improving their physiological relevance to better mimic in vivo conditions.