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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

284
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
284
Arteries of the Lower Limbs01:24

Arteries of the Lower Limbs

166
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
166
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

262
Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
262
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

260
γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
260
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

249
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
249
Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

18
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
18

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2025

Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice
09:29

Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice

Published on: June 11, 2020

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Updates in Neonatal Seizures.

Jennifer V Gettings1, Janet S Soul2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Clinics in Perinatology
|May 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Neonatal seizures are a medical emergency requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment. Phenobarbital is the first-line FDA-approved medication, and artificial intelligence shows promise for improving seizure detection and outcomes.

Keywords:
Antiseizure medicationsEEGEpilepsyNeonatesSeizures

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Last Updated: May 13, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal neurology
  • Pediatric epilepsy
  • Clinical neurophysiology

Background:

  • Neonatal seizures are common and require immediate intervention.
  • Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, stroke, and hemorrhage are leading causes.
  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial to differentiate seizures from other movements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnosis and management of neonatal seizures.
  • To highlight the role of conventional video-electroencephalogram (cvEEG) in diagnosis.
  • To discuss current treatment strategies and future directions, including AI applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on neonatal seizures.
  • Emphasis on diagnostic tools like cvEEG.
  • Discussion of therapeutic approaches and emerging technologies.

Main Results:

  • cvEEG is essential for accurate diagnosis, including subclinical seizures.
  • Phenobarbital is the primary FDA-approved medication for treatment.
  • Artificial intelligence offers potential for enhanced seizure detection and prognostication.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment of neonatal seizures are critical.
  • Phenobarbital remains the cornerstone of therapy.
  • Further research, including AI and clinical trials, is needed to advance care.