Engineering Oxidase-Based Cascade Nanoreactors Design, Catalytic Efficiency, and Applications in Disease Monitoring

Inspired by the advantages of biological cascade catalytic systems, it has been devoted to the discovery of novel oxidase-based cascade catalytic systems for disease monitoring. However, the low stability, easy inactivation, and poor reproducibility of oxidase significantly limit their practical applications. Immobilization of the oxidase can be enabled to protect them from external mediators and improve catalytic efficiency and reproducibility. Notably, the substrate channels and spatial confinement play an essential role in the construction of immobilized cascade nanoreactors to enhance the overall activity. Moreover, nanozymes, a class of enzyme mimics, have not only enzyme-like activity but also high stability and tunable catalytic properties, which bolster the development of cascade nanoreactors. Herein, recent advances in the assembly of cascade reactors involving enzymes/nanozymes are described. The importance of substrate channeling and spatial distribution in regulating the catalytic efficiency of the nanoreactor is highlighted. Then, along with an in-depth discussion of the cascade biosensors for disease monitoring, the design and application of innovative devices based on these sensing principles are also summarized, including microfluidic systems, hydrogel-based platforms, and test paper technologies. Finally, challenges and prospects for cascade nanoreactors are briefly discussed and prospected.