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External Anatomy of the Kidney

External Anatomy of the Kidney

The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...

Nephrons

Nephrons

The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma...

Kidney Structure

Kidney Structure

The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.

Renal Corpuscle

Renal Corpuscle

The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
Glomerulus: Structure and Function
The glomerulus is a tiny, intricate network of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron. It's enveloped by the Bowman's capsule and receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole, which divides into numerous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2025

A Large Animal Model for Acute Kidney Injury by Temporary Bilateral Renal Artery Occlusion

A Large Animal Model for Acute Kidney Injury by Temporary Bilateral Renal Artery Occlusion

Published on: February 2, 2021

Post-obstructive Acute Kidney Injury Due to a Retroperitoneal Mass.

Zoraize Moeez Athar¹, Mahnoor Arshad¹, Gabrielle Davis^2,1

¹Internal Medicine, BronxCare Health System, New York City, USA.

|May 12, 2025

Summary

This case report details a young woman with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) who developed acute kidney injury (AKI) due to a retroperitoneal tumor. Prompt intervention with nephrostomy tubes successfully restored kidney function.

Keywords:

acute kidney injury (aki)benign neurofibromatosis type 1 nf1 pelvic mass post obstructive aki postrenal aki retroperitoneal mass young patient

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Area of Science:

Nephrology
Oncology
Radiology

Background:

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder that can lead to various tumors.
Uterine fibroids are common benign tumors in women of reproductive age.
Obstructive uropathy can cause acute kidney injury (AKI).

Observation:

A 26-year-old woman with NF1 and uterine fibroids presented with symptoms of AKI.
Diagnostic imaging revealed severe bilateral ureterohydronephrosis, indicating obstruction.
A retroperitoneal tumor composed of fibroadipose and muscular tissue was identified.

Findings:

Elevated creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) confirmed AKI.
Bilateral nephrostomy tube placement led to significant improvement in renal function.
Tumor biopsy showed fibroadipose and muscular tissue with inflammation.

Implications:

Early recognition and radiological evaluation are crucial for managing AKI secondary to obstructive uropathy.
Timely intervention, such as nephrostomy tube placement, can restore renal function.
Further research is needed on managing AKI caused by primary retroperitoneal masses.