Congenital cardiac surgery: Innovations from India

Innovation in congenital cardiac surgery took its roots in the 1960s with the development of indigenous heart-lung machines. Over the years, many pioneering advancements showcasing solutions that combine cutting-edge technology with cost-effective approaches have happened in India. Indian surgeons have made significant contributions, including developing tissue-engineered patches, handmade conduits, and indigenous devices for surgical closure of multiple ventricular septal defects. Several new surgical techniques have been described, and Indian surgeons have described some new anatomical entities. Development of frugal technologies has been the game-changer for resource-limited environments. Innovations in imaging, including three-dimensional printing and virtual reality, are transforming preoperative planning and surgical education. Artificial intelligence and machine learning are beginning to influence decision-making and predictive modeling in pediatric cardiac care. Funding initiatives, including government support, public-private partnerships, and philanthropic funding, are making congenital heart disease surgery accessible to a broader population. India's contributions to innovations in congenital cardiac surgery exemplify the spirit of resilience and ingenuity, offering solutions that are impactful locally and inspiring globally.