Advances in the Model Structure of In Vitro Vascularized Organ-on-a-Chip

Microvasculature plays a crucial role in human physiology and is closely related to various human diseases. Building in vitro vascular networks is essential for studying vascular tissue behavior with repeatable morphology and signaling conditions. Engineered 3D microvascular network models, developed through advanced microfluidic-based techniques, provide accurate and reproducible platforms for studying the microvasculature in vitro, an essential component for designing organ-on-chips to achieve greater biological relevance. By optimizing the microstructure of microfluidic devices to closely mimic the in vivo microenvironment, organ-specific models with healthy and pathological microvascular tissues can be created. This review summarizes recent advancements in in vitro strategies for constructing microvascular tissue and microfluidic devices. It discusses the static vascularization chips' classification, structural characteristics, and the various techniques used to build them: growing blood vessels on chips can be either static or dynamic, and in vitro blood vessels can be grown in microchannels, elastic membranes, and hydrogels. Finally, the paper discusses the application scenarios and key technical issues of existing vascularization chips. It also explores the potential for a novel organoid chip vascularization approach that combines organoids and organ chips to generate better vascularization chips.