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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

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All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Updated: May 23, 2025

Photogeneration of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Application in Photoinduced Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization
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Supramolecular Benzophenone-Based Photoinitiator for Spatially-Resolved Polymerization.

Alex S Loch1, Ibram Mikhail1, Simona Bianco1

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|May 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method for controlling polymerization using self-assembling supramolecular materials. This technique localizes photoinitiators, enhancing mechanical properties and enabling intricate structure fabrication.

Keywords:
benzophenonematerials chemistrymicellephotoinitiatorphotopolymerizationsoft materialssupramolecular gel noodles

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Benzophenone derivatives are common photoinitiators for UV-induced polymerization.
  • Current spatial control methods like photomasks are top-down and can be limiting.
  • Localized polymerization offers potential for advanced material fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an alternative method for spatial control of polymerization using supramolecular materials.
  • To investigate the use of benzophenone-functionalized dipeptides as localized photoinitiators.
  • To explore the fabrication of mechanically robust structures with tunable properties.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized benzophenone-functionalized dipeptides to form supramolecular gel noodles.
  • Employed acrylate monomer polymerization around the gel noodle templates.
  • Characterized self-assembly using viscosity and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements.
  • Investigated the specific structural requirements for gel noodle formation (e.g., 4BPAcFF).

Main Results:

  • Achieved polymerization localized around supramolecular gel noodles.
  • Increased the Young's modulus of polymerized materials by up to two orders of magnitude.
  • Fabricated mechanically robust and handleable polymeric structures.
  • Identified 4BPAcFF as a successful gel noodle-forming supramolecular photoinitiator.
  • Demonstrated the ability to create intricate designs, including hollow-core structures.

Conclusions:

  • Supramolecular gel noodles serve as effective templates for localized photoinitiation.
  • This method provides precise control over polymerization, enhancing material properties.
  • The approach allows for the fabrication of complex polymeric architectures with tunable mechanical performance.