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Head, Face, and Neck Cooling for Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Christopher J Stevens1, David Borg2, Carly Brade3
1Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Research (PASER) Theme, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia.
Summary
Cooling strategies for the head, face, and neck show inconclusive effects on physical performance but improve comfort and thermal sensation. Athletes should experiment to find optimal cooling methods for their specific needs.
Area of Science:
- Sports Science
- Environmental Physiology
- Human Performance
Background:
- Head, face, and neck cooling can significantly influence perception and performance.
- Understanding the efficacy of various cooling strategies is crucial for athletes and coaches.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review the effects of head, face, and neck cooling on physical and cognitive performance.
- To analyze associated physiological and perceptual responses.
- To synthesize adverse events and provide practical applications for athletes.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines.
- Inclusion of controlled trials investigating cooling interventions on physical or cognitive tasks.
- Analysis of 63 studies with 618 participants.
Main Results:
- Cooling reduced local skin temperature, improved thermal sensation and comfort.
- Effects on physical performance were inconclusive, with pooled data compatible with no to medium beneficial effects.
- Cognitive performance data could not be pooled; physiological effects on heart rate and core temperature were negligible. Adverse events were rare.
Conclusions:
- Athletes are advised to explore diverse head, face, and neck cooling strategies.
- Experimentation with different cooling methods, dosages, and timings is recommended.
- Individual and sport-specific optimization of cooling protocols is key for performance enhancement.
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