Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition

19
A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
19
Cognitive Development During Adolescence01:18

Cognitive Development During Adolescence

35
During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
35
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

111
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
111
Instinctive Drift01:05

Instinctive Drift

166
Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
166
Cognitive Development During Adulthood01:30

Cognitive Development During Adulthood

34
Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
34
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

3.4K
Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
3.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Parental mental illness and child brain structure: A diffusion MRI study of emotion regulation related pathways.

NeuroImage·2026
Same author

Multimodal assessment of emotion regulation in children of parents with a mental illness.

European child & adolescent psychiatry·2026
Same author

Ocular light and optical radiation exposure as a modifiable environmental determinant of health: expert consensus on research gaps and priorities.

BMC medicine·2026
Same author

Stressors, Emotions and Eating: Evidence for Time-Pressure-Driven Snacking Rather Than Emotional Eating.

Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress·2026
Same author

Stable cognitive performance while adapting to intermittent fasting: A randomised controlled trial.

Journal of health psychology·2025
Same author

Myopia prevalence, refractive status and uncorrected myopia among primary and secondary school students in Germany.

Frontiers in medicine·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2025

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats
08:30

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Published on: February 15, 2015

20.7K

Reversal learning is influenced by cognitive flexibility and develops throughout early adolescence.

Christoph Bamberg1,2, Sarah Weigelt3, Klara Hagelweide4

  • 1Department of Vision, Visual Impairment and Blindness Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany. Christoph.bamberg@stud.plus.ac.at.

NPJ Science of Learning
|May 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Reversal learning improves with age, especially in younger adolescents. Flexible responses to negative feedback and working memory capacity are key factors supporting this crucial developmental skill.

More Related Videos

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
07:26

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

Published on: May 4, 2020

3.3K
A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
09:01

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

10.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2025

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats
08:30

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Published on: February 15, 2015

20.7K
Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
07:26

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

Published on: May 4, 2020

3.3K
A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
09:01

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

10.1K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Development
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Learning and adapting behavioral responses based on feedback is essential throughout development, from childhood to young adulthood.
  • Reversal learning, the ability to adjust behavior following changes in stimulus-outcome associations, is a key aspect of cognitive flexibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the developmental trajectory of reversal learning from childhood to adulthood.
  • To identify factors contributing to individual differences in reversal learning performance.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 202 participants aged 10 to 22 completed an online study.
  • Participants engaged in a novel blocked design reversal learning paradigm.
  • Working memory capacity and pubertal development were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Reversal learning performance showed significant improvement with age, particularly between ages 10 and 14.
  • A positive correlation was found between flexible responses to negative feedback and better reversal learning outcomes.
  • Working memory capacity and pubertal development were positively associated with enhanced reversal learning.

Conclusions:

  • Flexible feedback processing is a critical component of successful reversal learning across development.
  • While performance improves with age, the overall rate of flexible reactions remained stable, suggesting its consistent role in supporting reversal learning independently of age.