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Related Concept Videos

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than...
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Updated: May 16, 2025

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Multicationic interactions mitigating lattice strain in sodium layered cathodes.

Haoji Wang1, Tongchao Liu2, Hongyi Chen1

  • 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.

Nature Communications
|May 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Entropy regulation in layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) reduces structural degradation and enhances electrochemical performance. This approach mitigates lattice strain and improves cycling stability without critical elements.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Transition-metal layered oxides are key cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to high energy density and sustainability.
  • Structural degradation from anisotropic lattice strain during cycling limits the long-term performance of SIB cathodes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate entropy regulation as an intrinsic strain-depressant strategy for sodium layered cathodes.
  • To enhance the electrochemical performance and structural stability of SIB cathodes using a high entropy design with zero lithium or cobalt.

Main Methods:

  • High entropy design incorporating multiple transition metals.
  • Hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy to analyze structural changes.
  • Electrochemical cycling in half and full cells to evaluate performance.

Main Results:

  • High entropy design effectively suppressed TMO6 octahedra distortions and near-surface structural deconstruction.
  • Configurational entropy mitigated oxygen defects and strengthened metal-ligand coordination, leading to restrained lattice parameter deviations.
  • The multicationic cathode demonstrated improved cycling stability and enhanced Na+ diffusion kinetics.

Conclusions:

  • Entropy regulation is a viable strategy to alleviate bulk fatigue in layered oxide cathodes for SIBs.
  • This approach offers a pathway to develop economically viable and durable layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries.