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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

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When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
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IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

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When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0%...
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IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Dipole Moment01:20

IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Dipole Moment

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The dipole moment of a bond is the product of the partial charge on either atom and the distance between them. Dipole moments influence the efficiency of IR absorption and the peak intensity. When a bond with a dipole moment is placed in an electric field, the direction of the field determines if the bond is compressed or stretched. Electromagnetic radiation consists of an electric field component that rapidly reverses direction. It follows that polar bonds are alternately stretched and...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

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In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
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IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

1.8K
When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
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Updated: May 16, 2025

Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO
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Dynamic infrared aurora on Jupiter.

J D Nichols1, O R T King2, J T Clarke3

  • 1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, Leicestershire, UK. jdn4@le.ac.uk.

Nature Communications
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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Space Physics
  • Astrophysics

Background:

  • Auroral emissions are crucial for understanding planetary magnetospheres and upper atmospheres.
  • Emissions from the triatomic hydrogen ion (H3+) are key to the auroral energy budget of outer planets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate Jupiter's infrared auroral H3+ emission using James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations.
  • To correlate JWST infrared data with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) ultraviolet observations.
  • To explore the dynamics and energy transfer mechanisms within Jupiter's magnetosphere and ionosphere.

Main Methods:

  • Acquisition of high-resolution, time-resolved JWST infrared observations of Jupiter's auroral H3+ emission.
  • Simultaneous HST ultraviolet observations to complement infrared data.
  • Analysis of auroral variability on short timescales (down to seconds).

Main Results:

  • Observed rapid variability in Jupiter's infrared auroral H3+ emission.
  • Implied an auroral H3+ lifetime of 150 seconds.
  • Found H3+ cannot efficiently radiate heat from bursty auroral precipitation.
  • Identified efficient H3+ radiation in a dusk active region with no UV counterpart.
  • Detected rapid eastward-travelling auroral pulses and pulsations along the Io footprint tail.

Conclusions:

  • The observed H3+ lifetime and radiation inefficiency provide insights into Jupiter's auroral energy budget.
  • The unexplained dusk emission suggests novel auroral processes.
  • Rapid auroral pulses and Io footprint tail pulsations offer new diagnostic tools for Jupiter's magnetosphere and ionosphere.