Mass spectrometry-based metabolomic as a powerful tool to unravel the component and mechanism in TCM

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics has emerged as a transformative tool to unraveling components and their mechanisms in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The integration of advanced analytical platforms, such as LC-MS and GC-MS, coupled with metabolomics, has propelled the qualitative and quantitative characterization of TCM's complex components. This review comprehensively examines the applications of MS-based metabolomics in elucidating TCM efficacy, spanning chemical composition analysis, molecular target identification, mechanism-of-action studies, and syndrome differentiation. Recent innovations in functional metabolomics, spatial metabolomics, single-cell metabolomics, and metabolic flux analysis have further expanded TCM research horizons. Artificial intelligence (AI) and bioinformatics integration offer promising avenues for overcoming analytical bottlenecks, enhancing database standardization, and driving interdisciplinary breakthroughs. However, challenges remain, including the need for improved data processing standardization, database expansion, and understanding of metabolite-gene-protein interactions. By addressing these gaps, metabolomics can bridge traditional practices and modern biomedical research, fostering global acceptance of TCM. This review highlights the synergy of advanced MS techniques, computational tools, and TCM's holistic philosophy, presenting a forward-looking perspective on its clinical translation and internationalization.