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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

411
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

278
Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Cell-surface Signaling01:21

Cell-surface Signaling

51.3K
Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

740
Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2025

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
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Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine

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Cell-based immunotherapies for solid tumors: advances, challenges, and future directions.

Ting Zhao1, Jinping You1, Congyue Wang1

  • 1Department of Oncology, Ansteel Group General Hospital, Anshan, China.

Frontiers in Oncology
|May 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Cell-based immunotherapies like CAR-T, CAR-NK, and TCR-T show promise for cancer treatment but face challenges in solid tumors. Future innovations aim to improve efficacy, safety, and scalability for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
CAR-NKCAR-TTCR-Tcell-based immunotherapysolid tumorstumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Cell-based immunotherapies offer precise tumor cell targeting.
  • Success in hematologic malignancies contrasts with challenges in solid tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current cell-based immunotherapies (CAR-T, CAR-NK, TCR-T) for cancer treatment.
  • To identify challenges and future directions for solid tumor applications.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing literature on CAR-T, CAR-NK, TCR-T, TIL, NK, and CIK cell therapies.
  • Discussion of barriers including antigen heterogeneity, immunosuppression, infiltration, toxicity, and manufacturing.

Main Results:

  • CAR-T cells effective in blood cancers but limited in solid tumors.
  • CAR-NK cells reduce graft-versus-host disease but face similar solid tumor barriers.
  • TCR-T cells target intracellular antigens but require careful selection to avoid off-target effects.
  • TIL, NK, and CIK cells show potential but need optimization for persistence and overcoming immunosuppression.

Conclusions:

  • Significant challenges remain for cell-based therapies in solid tumors, including manufacturing, cost, safety, and efficacy.
  • Advancements in gene editing, multi-antigen targeting, synthetic biology, off-the-shelf products, and personalized medicine are crucial.
  • Continued research is essential to enhance safety, efficacy, and scalability for improved patient outcomes.