Enhancing food safety and security through silicon-based approaches in pre-harvest and post-harvest pest management

Silicon (Si), a key element in the Earth's crust, is vital in enhancing food security through innovative pest management strategies, both pre- and post-harvest. This review highlights the diverse impact of Si on plants, particularly its potential to mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses. Distinctions between Si and various forms of silica (SiO₂) are provided for clarity. Factors influencing the properties of synthesised SiO₂ particles are also discussed. When plants absorb Si, primarily as monosilicic acid, it accumulates in their cell walls as amorphous silica, which helps to enhance stress resistance, increase photosynthesis and improve water usage. Si is a morphological barrier to pests. Transporters in roots and leaves facilitate Si absorption, contributing to its deposition in cell walls and supporting structures. The resistance mechanism of Si against field and storage pests involves reduced digestibility, increased tissue stiffness and enhanced synthesis of defensive enzymes. This review provides insights into the effectiveness of Si in managing field pests, reducing infestations and improving plant resistance. The positive impact of Si extends to natural pest enemies, attracting predators and parasitoids, thus contributing to biological control. The tri-trophic interactions underscore Si's potential to induce multilevel responses, fostering a resilient ecosystem. Various Si sources, such as diatomaceous earth, bulk and nano-SiO₂, effectively dehydrate and desiccate stored-product pests, preserving the quality of stored products. This review suggests using Si-based approaches as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides, offering a promising solution for food security while maintaining the long-term health of agricultural ecosystems. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.