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Related Concept Videos

Tight Junctions01:29

Tight Junctions

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Tight junctions are molecular seals between cells that prevent the leaking of fluids, ions, and other small solutes across cavities and compartments in multicellular organisms. They are mainly composed of claudin and occludin transmembrane proteins, and other proteins such as tricellulin and JAM (junctional adhesion molecule). All these proteins are 4-pass transmembrane proteins, except JAM, which is a single-pass transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. The...
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Gap Junctions01:37

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Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
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Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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Overview of Cell-Matrix Interactions01:24

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The extracellular matrix or ECM holds cells together to form a tissue and allows the cells within the tissue to communicate. ECM comprises proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, laminin, etc. The most abundant protein in this space is collagen. Collagen fibers are interwoven with carbohydrate-containing protein molecules called proteoglycans. ECM allows cell migration and provides a structural scaffold at cell adhesion that anchors the cell when the extracellular matrix proteins interact with...
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Contact-dependent Signaling01:19

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Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
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Tension Response at Adherens Junctions01:26

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The adherens junctions that anchor cells together are multi-protein complexes that dynamically adapt to mechanical stimuli such as tensile forces and shear stress. Mechanosensory proteins in these junctions can sense such mechanical stimuli and undergo a shift in their conformation, resulting in an altered function — a process called mechanotransduction.
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Investigating Viral Disruption of Intestinal Epithelial Signaling – Research Insights and Future Directions
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Split genetically encoded calcium indicators for interorganellar junctions.

Shunit Olszakier1, Wessal Hussein1, Ronit Heinrich1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|May 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed novel split genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) that reassemble at interorganellar junctions. These tools enable visualization of calcium signaling specifically at mitochondria-ER and plasma membrane-ER connections in neural activity studies.

Keywords:
calciumneuronsorganellespinesplit

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) are crucial for studying cellular calcium signaling.
  • Existing GECIs can be targeted to organelles but not specifically to interorganellar junctions.
  • A method to visualize calcium dynamics at these specific contact sites is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel GECIs that function exclusively at interorganellar junctions.
  • To create a toolbox of split GECIs for investigating organelle connectivity and activity.
  • To enable real-time optical monitoring of calcium dynamics at specific cellular interfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Development of split versions of green and red GECIs designed for proximity-dependent reassembly.
  • Creation of split probes: split-MEGIC for mitochondria-ER and split-sf-MEMBER for plasma membrane-ER.
  • Application of split-sensors to image neural calcium activity in vitro and in vivo.

Main Results:

  • Successful development of a toolbox of split GECIs.
  • Demonstration of split-GECI reassembly and function at interorganellar junctions.
  • Identification of mitochondria-ER junctions and visualization of calcium activity in dendritic spines using split-MEGIC.

Conclusions:

  • Split GECIs provide a novel approach to study interorganellar communication.
  • These tools allow for targeted imaging of calcium dynamics at specific organelle contact sites.
  • The developed split-GECIs advance the study of neural calcium signaling and organelle interactions.