A novel sperm-derived seminal fluid protein in Caenorhabditis nematodes

Nematode sperm contains subcellular vesicles known as membranous organelles (MOs) that fuse with the sperm cell membrane upon sperm activation to release their soluble contents into the extracellular space. The second most abundant proteins in the MOs belong to the conserved Nematode-Specific Peptide family, group F (NSPF) gene family. We hypothesize that these proteins contribute to seminal fluid and are part of postinsemination reproductive tract dynamics. We characterized the anatomical region where the NSPF proteins likely function during fertilization using dissected testes and whole-worm immunostaining of a His-tagged nspf-1 transgene. We confirmed that NSPF proteins are transferred to females during mating. NSPF proteins localize to the uterus lumen when transferred to mated females and in unmated adult hermaphrodites. These results suggest that the uterine localization of the NSPF proteins is likely a functional property of both male-derived sperm and self-sperm and not incidental to the point of transfer during mating. In males, we confirm that NSPF proteins are indeed sperm-derived. We then used experimental evolution to compete the wild-type allele against a deletion allele in 10 replicate obligate-outcrossing populations. We calculated a mean selective disadvantage of 0.1% for the deletion allele, which indicated that the NSPF genes are beneficial to male fitness. This conclusion was reinforced by qualitative trends from lower-powered, single-generation fertility assays. Together, we demonstrate that nematodes use a novel approach for contributing proteins to seminal fluid and show that the highly abundant NSPF proteins likely have a beneficial impact on fitness.