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Related Concept Videos

Plague01:24

Plague

Plague is a highly virulent zoonotic disease caused by Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic coccobacillus. This pathogen primarily circulates among rodent populations and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected fleas. Additional transmission routes include direct contact with infected animal tissue or inhalation of respiratory droplets from individuals with pneumonic plague. These multiple transmission pathways highlight the bacterium’s potential for rapid...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Malaria01:29

Malaria

Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...

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Opportunities and challenges for plague vector control in Madagascar.

Annick Onimalala Raveloson1,2, Mireille Harimalala1,2, Beza Ramasindrazana1,2

  • 1University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.

Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases
|May 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Insecticide resistance in plague-carrying fleas in Madagascar is a growing concern. This review examines insecticide effectiveness, resistance surveillance, and mechanisms to improve plague control strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Vector-borne diseases
  • Medical entomology
  • Zoonotic disease epidemiology

Background:

  • Plague is a significant rodent-borne disease transmitted by infected fleas.
  • Insecticide-based flea control is crucial for managing plague outbreaks.
  • Insecticide resistance in fleas may contribute to plague re-emergence in Madagascar.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effectiveness of insecticides for flea control in Madagascar.
  • To assess longitudinal surveillance of insecticide resistance in flea populations.
  • To explore insecticide resistance mechanisms in plague vectors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on insecticide efficacy and resistance.
  • Analysis of World Health Organization (WHO) standard bioassay methods.
  • Discussion of field-based vector control operational efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Insecticide resistance is developing in Madagascar's flea vectors.
  • Longitudinal data on resistance trends are limited.
  • Mechanisms of flea insecticide resistance are not well understood.

Conclusions:

  • Current vector control strategies need enhancement to address insecticide resistance.
  • Further research is required to understand resistance mechanisms.
  • Improved surveillance and mitigation strategies are essential for effective plague control.