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Exploring astaxanthin: a comprehensive review on its pharmacokinetics properties and neuroprotective potential
A S Mohd Shafie1, S N Kamarudin1, M M R Meor Mohd Affandi2
1Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia.
Background:
Carotenoids are naturally occurring bio-pigments found in microalgae, plants, fungi, bacteria, and various aquatic animals. They are generally classified into carotenes and xanthophylls based on their structural features. Among them, astaxanthin-a xanthophyll carotenoid-has attracted increasing attention due to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, which contribute to a range of health benefits.
Method:
This review highlights the structural features, physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic potential of astaxanthin, particularly focusing on its neuroprotective effects in neurological disorders. To provide a comprehensive overview, we systematically searched published articles across Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline databases from inception to January 1, 2025.
Results:
Recent advancements in drug formulation and delivery technologies have enhanced astaxanthin's ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), significantly increasing its potential as a therapeutic agent for neurological diseases.
Conclusion:
With its multifaceted biological effects and growing evidence of neuroprotection, astaxanthin shows great promise in the treatment of neurological disorders, particularly stroke. These findings support its future development and application in pharmaceutical strategies aimed at brain health.
