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Haze episodes elevate PM2.5-bound PAH and BFR loads without increasing bioaccessibility: Toward improved inhalation
Xian Zhang1, Zijuan Liu1, Bianjie Chen1
1Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China; School of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China.
Abstract:
Inhalation bioaccessibility is critical for accurate health risk assessment of airborne pollutants. This study systematically investigated PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) during haze episodes and normal periods in northern China, focusing on their concentration profiles, bioaccessibility (via artificial lysosomal fluid [ALF] and Gamble's solution [GS] models), and inhalation risks. Results revealed haze-driven elevations in PAHs (4.93 vs. 3.14 ng/m3, 1.57 times) and BFRs (1566 vs. 926 pg/m3, 1.69 times). Despite elevated concentrations, bioaccessibility showed no significant haze-normal differences for PAHs (22.3-95.3 % vs. 25.9-83.9 %, p > 0.05) or BFRs (12.7-56.6 % vs. 14.9-74.1 %, p > 0.05). Total concentration-based incremental lifetime carcinogenic risks (ILCRinh) overestimated hazards by 5.71-20.6 times compared to bioaccessibility-adjusted risks (9.57 × 10-9-1.28 × 10-8 for haze; 5.33 × 10-9-6.27 × 10-9 for normal), though all values remained below safety thresholds (ILCRinh < 10-6). Our results emphasize the importance of inhalation bioaccessibility in risk assessment for PM2.5-bound PAHs and BFRs.
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