Three-Dimensional Bioprinted Gelatin-Genipin Hydrogels Enriched with hUCMSC-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles for...

Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEVs) have shown great promise in promoting tissue repair, including skin wound healing, but challenges like rapid degradation and short retention have limited their clinical application. Hydrogels have emerged as effective carriers for sustained EV release. Three-dimensional printing enables the development of personalized skin substitutes tailored to the wound size and shape. This study aimed to develop 3D bioprinted gelatin-genipin hydrogels incorporating human umbilical cord MSC-sEVs (hUCMSC-sEVs) for future skin wound healing applications. Gelatin hydrogels (8% and 10% w/v) were crosslinked with 0.3% genipin (GECL) to improve stability. The hydrogels were evaluated for their suitability for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting and physicochemical properties, such as the swelling ratio, hydrophilicity, enzymatic degradation, and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). Chemical characterization was performed using EDX, XRD, and FTIR. The hUCMSC-sEVs were isolated via centrifugation and tangential flow filtration (TFF) and characterized. The crosslinked hydrogels were successfully 3D bioprinted and demonstrated superior properties, including high hydrophilicity, a swelling ratio of ~500%, slower degradation, and optimal WVTR. hUCMSC-sEVs, ranging from 50 to 200 nm, were positive for surface and cytosolic markers. Adding 75 μg/mL of hUCMSC-EVs into 10% GECL hydrogels significantly improved the biocompatibility. These hydrogels offer ideal properties for 3D bioprinting and wound healing, demonstrating their potential as biomaterial scaffolds for skin tissue regeneration applications.