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Related Concept Videos

Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

4.0K
Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions01:21

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions

69
In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
Other key practices include keeping masonry units...
69
Thermal Insulation in Masonry Walls01:22

Thermal Insulation in Masonry Walls

96
In hot, dry climates, the thermal mass of masonry walls can be beneficial, absorbing heat during the day and releasing it at night, thereby stabilizing indoor temperatures. However, in most other climates, additional insulation is necessary to enhance thermal resistance.
External insulation can be applied using an Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS), which involves affixing panels of plastic foam to the wall and covering them with a polymeric stucco reinforced with glass fiber mesh....
96
States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

858
The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
858
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

16.5K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Change Materials in Residential Buildings: Challenges, Opportunities, and Performance.

José Pereira1, Reinaldo Souza1,2, Jeferson Oliveira3

  • 1IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 14, 2025
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Phase change materials (PCMs) enhance building thermal storage, reducing energy use. Optimized PCM use can cut consumption by 30% but faces challenges like low conductivity for widespread adoption.

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PCMsresidential buildingsthermal management

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Area of Science:

  • Building Science
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Energy

Background:

  • Phase change materials (PCMs) offer advanced thermal management solutions for residential buildings.
  • PCMs improve thermal storage capacity and reduce overall energy consumption in buildings.
  • Their application in residential construction is a key area for enhancing energy efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively analyze the application of PCMs in residential construction.
  • To evaluate the thermal properties, benefits, and limitations of PCMs in this context.
  • To identify key parameters influencing PCM performance and adoption.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted.
  • Studies published between 2015 and 2025 were primarily reviewed, with relevant older studies included.
  • Analysis focused on parameters like phase transition temperature, thermal conductivity, and material stability.

Main Results:

  • Optimized PCM integration can lead to significant energy savings, up to 30%.
  • Improved indoor thermal comfort is a notable benefit of PCM application.
  • Key challenges include low thermal conductivity and phase separation, hindering large-scale adoption.

Conclusions:

  • PCMs present substantial advantages for residential building thermal management and energy reduction.
  • Overcoming limitations such as low thermal conductivity is crucial for broader PCM implementation.
  • Strategies like nanocomposites and advanced encapsulation are proposed to enhance PCM performance.