Predicting the Consumption of Iron-Rich Foods During Pregnancy in Senegal: A Path Analysis

A limited consumption of iron-rich foods (IRF) is associated with a higher risk of anemia throughout the human life cycle, particularly during pregnancy. Using the extended version of the theory of planned behavior (eTPB), this study aims to identify pathways by which individual (attitude, subjective norm, the perceived behavioral control) and environmental-related factors may influence IRF consumption among pregnant women (PW) from all regions of Senegal. To evaluate IRF consumption in the past day and night, a food frequency questionnaire consisting of a list of IRF with yes/no responses was used. Constructs of the eTPB were assessed through a face-to-face interview conducted with each woman using a valid and reliable questionnaire with Likert scales. Our findings reveal that 9 out of 10 PW (n = 429) had the intention to consume IRF, while about 80% did consume them. Path analyses were conducted. There was no association between the intention and the behavior of interest. The consumption of IRF was predicted by control beliefs or the perceived ability of women to perform the behavior (β = 0.23, p < 0.001). In turn, control beliefs were positively associated with environmental barriers (β = 0.40, p < 0.001). In light of the results, we reiterate the importance of implementing a multisectoral approach to improve the consumption of IRF among PW. Yet, further research is required to better understand pathways through which the intention, psychosocial and environmental factors influence IRF consumption as well as the role of other potential causes of anemia among PW.