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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
Cross-Sectional Research01:50

Cross-Sectional Research

In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
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Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who are...
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As a system undergoes a change, its internal energy can change, and energy can be transferred from the system to the surroundings, or from the surroundings to the system.
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Compensation Mechanisms

The human body employs intricate mechanisms to counteract changes in blood pH, preventing conditions like acidosis (pH < 7.35) and alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These compensatory responses aim to restore normal arterial blood pH by engaging respiratory or renal systems, depending on the source of the imbalance.
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Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...

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Gender differences in paid work over time: Developments and challenges in comparative research.

Lena Hipp1,2, Kristin Kelley2

  • 1University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.

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|May 14, 2025
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Summary

Gender gaps in paid work narrowed due to increased female labor force participation, but men

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Area of Science:

  • Sociology
  • Economics
  • Gender Studies

Background:

  • Comparative research on gender differences in paid work often relies on labor force participation rates or average working hours.
  • These traditional metrics can obscure nuanced trends in women's and men's engagement in paid employment over time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze gender differences in paid work across Europe and the US from 1992-2022.
  • To highlight limitations of existing metrics and propose an alternative measure, 'work volume', for more accurate cross-national comparisons.
  • To examine changes in gender gaps in paid work and identify regional variations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of harmonized survey data from Europe and the United States (N=43,283,172) spanning 1992 to 2022.
  • Comparison of trends in labor force participation rates and average working hours between genders.
  • Introduction and application of the 'work volume' metric, which accounts for non-employed individuals.

Main Results:

  • Progress in closing gender gaps was greater for labor force participation than for working hours.
  • Women's labor force participation increased, while their average working hours decreased; men's participation stagnated or decreased, with hours remaining higher than women's.
  • The 'work volume' measure revealed a decrease in gender gaps over time, yet men's overall involvement in paid work remained higher than women's in 2022, with the smallest gaps in Scandinavian and former Communist countries.

Conclusions:

  • Traditional metrics for paid work can be misleading when assessing gender equality.
  • 'Work volume' offers a more comprehensive approach to comparing men's and women's paid work engagement.
  • Despite progress, significant gender disparities in paid work persist globally, with regional variations.