Exploring Community Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Towards Greywater Management in Rural Malaysia

In Malaysia, 43%-70% of household wastewater is greywater, with characteristics influenced by lifestyle, fixtures, and weather. It is often discharged untreated, posing environmental and health risks. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and key factors influencing greywater management among rural residents in Perak, Malaysia. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to April 2023, involving 121 participants selected via the Linear Time Function sampling method. Data were analyzed using a structured questionnaire and Chi-square analysis, revealing a significant association between knowledge and attitudes toward greywater management, with higher awareness linked to more positive perceptions and willingness to adopt proper practices (p < 0.001). Additionally, individuals with better knowledge were more likely to engage in systematic greywater disposal methods, such as using septic tanks instead of direct discharge (p = 0.006). The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in designing community-driven greywater management strategies that enhance public awareness, improve infrastructure, and support sustainable water resource management. Further research is recommended to investigate the underlying factors influencing community attitudes and behaviors toward greywater management, particularly the socio-cultural, economic, and perceptual barriers that contribute to the knowledge-to-practice gap in rural areas.