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Yoked surface codes
Craig Gidney1, Michael Newman2, Peter Brooks3
1Google Quantum AI, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
Nature Communications
|May 14, 2025
Summary
Researchers developed yoked surface codes, a new quantum memory design. This innovation significantly reduces the number of physical qubits needed for fault-tolerant quantum computing, lowering costs for large-scale quantum computers.
Area of Science:
- Quantum computing
- Quantum error correction
- Information science
Background:
- Building large-scale quantum computers faces challenges due to the high cost of protecting quantum information.
- The surface code is a leading quantum memory for 2D architectures but requires many physical qubits per logical qubit for error rates relevant to algorithms.
- Current methods necessitate over a thousand physical qubits for each logical qubit to achieve desired error rates.
Purpose of the Study:
- Introduce a novel hierarchical quantum memory construction.
- Reduce the physical qubit overhead for fault-tolerant quantum memories in 2D architectures.
- Enable more efficient large-scale quantum computer development.
Main Methods:
- Developed yoked surface codes by concatenating surface codes with high-density parity check codes.
- Arranged these codes in a rectangular grid, measuring parity checks (yokes) using lattice surgery.
- Assumed a nearest-neighbor square qubit grid with a physical error rate of 10^-3 and optional column measurements.
Main Results:
- Yoked surface codes demonstrate a significant reduction in physical qubit requirements.
- Achieved as few as one-third the number of physical qubits per logical qubit compared to standard surface codes at relevant error rates.
- Validated the feasibility of moderate-overhead fault-tolerant quantum memories in 2D.
Conclusions:
- Yoked surface codes offer a more efficient approach to quantum error correction.
- This hierarchical memory design substantially lowers the qubit cost for quantum information protection.
- Paves the way for more practical and scalable fault-tolerant quantum computers.
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