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Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion01:10

Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion

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In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. He formulated his first two laws based on the observations of his forebears, Nikolaus Copernicus and Tycho Brahe.
Polish astronomer Nikolaus Copernicus put forth a theory that stated a heliocentric model for the solar system. According to this heliocentric theory, all the planets, including Earth, orbit the Sun in circular orbits.
On the other hand,...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Gravity between Spherical Bodies01:27

Gravity between Spherical Bodies

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Newton's law of gravitation describes the gravitational force between any two point masses. However, for extended spherical objects like the Earth, the Moon, and other planets, the law holds with an assumption that masses of spherical objects are concentrated at their respective centers.
This assumption can be proved easily by showing that the expression for gravitational potential energy between a hollow sphere of mass (M) and a point mass (m) is the same as it would be for a pair of extended...
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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2025

Laboratory Drop Towers for the Experimental Simulation of Dust-aggregate Collisions in the Early Solar System
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Water ice in the debris disk around HD 181327.

Chen Xie1, Christine H Chen2,3, Carey M Lisse4

  • 1William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. cxie21@jh.edu.

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Summary

Scientists discovered water ice in the HD 181327 debris disk using the James Webb Space Telescope. This finding provides the first definitive evidence of water ice in such exoplanetary systems.

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Single Particle Cryo-Electron Microscopy: From Sample to Structure
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Single Particle Cryo-Electron Microscopy: From Sample to Structure

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Area of Science:

  • Exoplanetary Science
  • Astrochemistry
  • Planetary Formation

Background:

  • Debris disks are exoplanetary systems containing planets, minor bodies, and dust.
  • Water ice is crucial for planet and minor body formation.
  • Water ice has been found in Solar System bodies but not definitively in debris disks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To search for and confirm the presence of water ice in the HD 181327 debris disk.
  • To characterize the water ice and its distribution within the disk.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the near-infrared spectrograph on the James Webb Space Telescope.
  • Detected the characteristic 3 µm absorption feature of water ice, including a Fresnel peak at 3.1 µm.
  • Analyzed spectral gradients to understand water ice distribution and dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed the presence of solid-state water ice in the HD 181327 debris disk.
  • Identified large, crystalline water-ice particles indicated by the Fresnel peak.
  • Observed gradients in water ice features, suggesting a dynamic environment of ice destruction and replenishment.
  • Estimated water ice mass fractions from 0.1% to 21% beyond the snow line (85-113 au).

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first definitive evidence of water ice in a debris disk.
  • The findings indicate a significant water ice reservoir in the HD 181327 disk, likely supplied by icy bodies similar to Solar System Kuiper Belt Objects.
  • The dynamic environment suggests ongoing processes that create and destroy water ice in exoplanetary systems.