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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
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All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Magnetic Tweezers for the Measurement of Twist and Torque
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Large Spin-Orbit Torque with Multi-Directional Spin Components in Ni4W.

Yifei Yang1, Seungjun Lee1, Yu-Chia Chen1

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|May 15, 2025
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Summary

Researchers discovered a new low-symmetry material, Ni₄W, that exhibits high spin-orbit torque (SOT) efficiency. This breakthrough enables efficient, field-free switching of magnetic materials for advanced spintronics.

Keywords:
epitaxial growthfield‐free switchingspintronicsspin‐orbit torqueunconventional spin Hall effect

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Area of Science:

  • Spintronics
  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Spin-orbit torque (SOT) is crucial for spintronic devices, but conventional materials have limitations.
  • High crystal symmetry restricts SOT to in-plane spin generation, hindering efficient magnetization manipulation.
  • Low-symmetry materials offer potential for unconventional spin currents and field-free switching, but often with low efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the SOT properties of the low-symmetry material Ni₄W.
  • To evaluate the SOT efficiency and spin polarization characteristics of bulk and W/Ni₄W structures.
  • To demonstrate the potential of Ni₄W for field-free switching in spintronic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Second harmonic Hall measurements were used to evaluate SOT efficiency.
  • Characterization of bulk Ni₄W and W/Ni₄W (5 nm) heterostructures.
  • Demonstration of field-free switching of perpendicular magnetization.

Main Results:

  • A significant SOT efficiency of 0.3 was achieved in bulk Ni₄W at room temperature.
  • Unconventional SOT with out-of-plane and Dresselhaus-like spin components were observed due to Ni₄W's low crystal symmetry.
  • An enhanced SOT efficiency of 0.73 was recorded in W/Ni₄W (5 nm), suggesting interfacial or extrinsic contributions.

Conclusions:

  • Ni₄W demonstrates high SOT efficiency and unconventional spin generation capabilities.
  • The material shows promise for developing energy-efficient spintronic memory and logic devices.
  • Ni₄W's low-symmetry nature enables multi-directional SOT for field-free magnetic switching.