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Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Maxillofacial Trauma: A Scoping Review.

Aaron L Zebolsky¹, Jillian P Krebs¹, Nicholas Behymer¹

¹Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

The Laryngoscope

|May 15, 2025

Summary

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in maxillofacial trauma research are diverse, primarily focusing on psychosocial well-being. This review identifies key domains to guide the development of more comprehensive PROMs for better patient care.

Keywords:

facial trauma mandible fracture maxillofacial trauma patient‐reported outcome quality‐of‐life

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Area of Science:

Maxillofacial Surgery
Patient-Reported Outcomes
Health Services Research

Background:

Maxillofacial trauma research predominantly uses objective and clinician-rated outcomes.
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) offer valuable insights into patient experiences but are inconsistently applied in this field.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and characterize the topic domains of PROMs utilized in maxillofacial trauma research.
To identify common themes and gaps in current PROM application within this patient population.

Main Methods:

A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and CINAHL databases.
Studies published up to March 2025 that included at least one PROM for maxillofacial trauma patients were analyzed.
Instruments were classified as established PROMs or custom surveys, and their key topic domains were characterized following PRISMA-ScR guidelines.

Main Results:

Ninety-six studies from 23 countries were included, focusing on mandible fractures, midface fractures, or both.
Seventy-three studies employed 39 established PROMs, predominantly covering Psychosocial Function (82.1%), Pain (38.5%), and Daily Tasks (35.9%).
Custom surveys were more likely to address Facial Function (57.5%), Pain (50%), and Satisfaction with Outcome (32.5%), highlighting a gap in established measures for these areas.

Conclusions:

PROMs in maxillofacial trauma research are heterogeneous, with a strong emphasis on psychosocial aspects.
There is a notable underrepresentation of PROMs addressing facial function and appearance.
The identified six key domains provide a framework for developing standardized and comprehensive PROMs in future maxillofacial trauma research.