Enhanced remediation of co-contaminated agricultural soils under cold stress by immobilized bacterial agents: A...

This study explored the enhanced remediation effects and microbial mechanisms of the immobilized microbial agent B&Ma19, compared to the microbial agent Ma19, in cold-region farmland co-contaminated with antibiotics and heavy metals during winter. B&Ma19 achieved superior fluoroquinolone degradation and significantly reduced the bioavailability of copper and zinc, while Ma19 treatment only reduced the content of available zinc. Microbial community analysis revealed that B&Ma19 promoted the proliferation of Firmicutes and increased the relative abundance of rare taxa during the freeze-thaw and freezing phases. Functional predictions indicated that B&Ma19 enhanced the expression of proteins in the winter microbial community involved in resistance to antibiotics, metabolic activity, and nutrient acquisition capacity. A random forest model identified Sporosarcina as a potential key genus for co-contamination remediation. Moreover, increased in overall community dispersal limitation and reduced drift-driven succession were observed. The co-occurrence network became more stable, characterized by a higher proportion of moderately abundant keystone taxa. Mantel tests showed that B&Ma19 weakened the correlation between antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements, and reduced the impact of temperature fluctuations on contaminant concentrations. In contrast, Ma19 strengthened ARG-antibiotic associations. These findings provide a theoretical basis for bioremediation of co-contaminated farmland in cold regions.