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Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac...

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage....

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2025

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

Published on: April 11, 2025

Left ventricular T-wave sensing by a CRT-D device.

S Serge Barold¹, Andreas Kucher²

¹University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Av, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.

Journal of Electrocardiology

|May 15, 2025

Summary

Biotronik cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillators can exhibit T wave sensing on the left ventricular channel during biventricular pacing. This differs from previously reported cases involving right ventricular channel sensing in similar devices.

Keywords:

Cardiac pacing Cardiac resynchronization Desynchronization Left ventricular sensing T wave oversensing

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Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing

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A New Single Chamber Implantable Defibrillator with Atrial Sensing: A Practical Demonstration of Sensing and Ease of Implantation

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Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing

Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing

Published on: December 11, 2017

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Biomedical Engineering
Electrophysiology

Background:

Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillation (CRT-D) devices are used to treat heart failure.
Improper sensing of cardiac signals can lead to device malfunction.
T-wave oversensing is a known issue in pacemakers and defibrillators.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a novel occurrence of T wave sensing.
To describe T wave sensing specifically on the left ventricular (LV) channel of Biotronik CRT-D devices.
To differentiate this finding from previously documented cases.

Main Methods:

Case report describing device behavior during biventricular pacing.
Analysis of electrograms from a Biotronik CRT-D device.
Comparison with existing literature on T-wave sensing in CRT devices.

Main Results:

T wave sensing was observed on the LV channel of a Biotronik CRT-D device.
This sensing occurred during biventricular pacing.
This phenomenon was distinct from reported instances of T-wave sensing on the right ventricular channel.

Conclusions:

Left ventricular T wave sensing is a potential issue with Biotronik CRT-D devices during biventricular pacing.
This finding expands the understanding of T-wave oversensing in CRT devices.
Clinicians should be aware of this specific sensing behavior to ensure appropriate device function.