Harnessing advances in mechanisms, detection, and strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health crisis, threatening the effectiveness of antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and economic burdens. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of AMR, beginning with a timeline of antibiotics discovery and the year of first observed resistance. Main mechanisms of AMR in bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites are summarized, and the main mechanisms of bacteria are given in detail. Additionally, we discussed in detail methods for detecting AMR, including phenotypic, genotypic, and advanced methods, which are crucial for identifying and monitoring AMR. In addressing AMR mitigation, we explore innovative interventions such as CRISPR-Cas systems, nanotechnology, antibody therapy, artificial intelligence (AI), and the One Health approach. Moreover, we discussed both finished and ongoing clinical trials for AMR. This review emphasizes the urgent need for global action and highlights promising technologies that could shape the future of AMR surveillance and treatment. By integrating interdisciplinary research and emerging clinical insights, this study aims to guide individuals toward impactful solutions in the battle against AMR.