A review of green technology assisted starch-based nanohydrogels adsorbent to remove pollutant from water

Biopolymeric adsorbent materials, derived from renewable sources, have attained significant attention due to their eco-friendliness, biodegradability, and cost-effectiveness. Among various biopolymers, starch stands out as an ideal base material for formulating advanced adsorbents. Its unique molecular structure, biocompatibility, and ease of modification make it highly effective for fabricating nanohydrogels with enhanced adsorption properties. Starch-based nanohydrogels exhibit potential characteristics, including high water absorbency, tunable porosity, and significant surface area, making them suitable for removing a wide range of pollutants from water. Moreover, their non-toxic nature and compatibility with green synthesis approaches align with global sustainability goals and environmental safety standards. Therefore, this review reveals the synthesis, characterization, and application of starch-based nanohydrogels as efficient adsorbents for diverse water pollutants, including heavy metals, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and organic contaminants. Various modification techniques to improve their adsorption efficiency, selectivity, and reusability are critically analyzed. The study highlights the advantages of green synthesis methods emphasizing their role in achieving sustainable water treatment solutions. A comparative assessment with conventional adsorbents underscores the potential of starch-based nanohydrogels under varied environmental conditions. Overall, the review concludes by emphasizing the transformative potential of starch-based nanohydrogels in addressing complex pollution scenarios contributing to mitigating water pollution and supporting environmental sustainability.