Preparation, characterization, multidimensional applications and prospects of protein bio-based hydrogels: A review

Protein bio-based hydrogels have emerged as a versatile and functional class of biomaterials due to their unique properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, tunable mechanical strength, and environmental responsiveness (pH, enzymes, ions and light). This review comprehensively explores the preparation methods, physicochemical properties, and multidimensional applications of protein-based hydrogels. Various fabrication techniques, such as chemical crosslinking, physical gelation, and enzymatic reactions, are discussed, highlighting their impact on the structure and functionality of hydrogels. The intrinsic properties of protein hydrogels are summarized in detail, including mechanical properties, swelling resistance, frost resistance, adhesion, biocompatibility and degradability. Furthermore, this review delves into their diverse applications, which span tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, food preservation, biosensing, and environmental remediation. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of protein-based hydrogels are addressed, emphasizing the necessity for scalable production, enhanced stability, and multifunctional integration to meet the growing demands of advanced biomedical and industrial applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of protein-based hydrogels and to inspire innovative research in this rapidly evolving field.