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Advancing Biosensing Frontiers Through Gold Nanoparticle Engineering: Synthesis Strategies and Detection Paradigms.

Geetanjali Saini1, Parneet Sheoran1, Madhu Jangra1

  • 1Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry
|May 16, 2025
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Summary

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are versatile in nanobiotechnology due to their unique properties. This review covers their synthesis, functionalization, and applications in biosensing and nanomedicine, highlighting green synthesis and future prospects.

Keywords:
Biosensorsfunctionalizationgold nanoparticlesgreen synthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Nanobiotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Biosensors

Background:

  • Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) possess unique physicochemical properties, including optical characteristics and biocompatibility.
  • Their synthesis involves top-down and bottom-up approaches, with diverse chemical, physical, and green methods.
  • Functionalization strategies enhance GNP stability and target specificity for biosensor integration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in GNP synthesis and functionalization.
  • To review the application of GNPs in the development of advanced biosensors.
  • To discuss challenges and future prospects of GNPs in biosensing and nanomedicine.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of various synthesis techniques: chemical reduction, seed-mediated growth, physical ablation, pyrolysis, and sputtering.
  • Investigation of eco-friendly green synthesis approaches using biological entities like plants and microorganisms.
  • Analysis of functionalization strategies employing biomolecules, polymers, and ligands.

Main Results:

  • GNPs enable sensitive and accurate detection of biomolecules, pathogens, and toxins via LSPR, colorimetric, and electrochemical signals.
  • Applications span point-of-care diagnostics, drug delivery, and medical imaging.
  • Recent advancements focus on improving stability, reproducibility, and scalability.

Conclusions:

  • GNPs are crucial tools in nanobiotechnology, offering significant potential in diagnostics and therapeutic monitoring.
  • Green synthesis methods offer precise control over GNP properties for enhanced biosensing.
  • Future research should address challenges like stability and scalability for broader clinical translation.