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Determinants of community-acquired pneumonia among under-five children in Awi Zone, Northwest Ethiopia

Nigussie Adam Birhan1, Alene Yirsaw Workineh2, Zelalem Meraf Wolde1

  • 1Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Science, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia.

Frontiers in Public Health
|May 16, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) affects 11.33% of children under five in Awi Zone. Key risk factors include stunting and diarrhea, while primary education and separate kitchens may be protective.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of mortality in children under five globally, disproportionately affecting low and middle-income countries.
  • In Awi Zone, understanding the prevalence and determinants of CAP is crucial for targeted public health interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the magnitude of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among children under five in Awi Zone.
  • To identify factors associated with CAP in this vulnerable population.

Main Methods:

  • A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,368 participants from March to July 2023.
  • Multistage sampling was employed, and data were analyzed using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models.
  • Statistical significance was determined using a p-value of < 0.05.

Main Results:

  • The prevalence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) was found to be 11.33% (95% CI: 9.75-13.12%).
  • Significant risk factors included stunting (AOR=4.80), diarrhea (AOR=3.75), acute lower respiratory tract infection (AOR=14.57), and acute upper respiratory tract infection (AOR=9.06).
  • Primary education (AOR=0.38) and the presence of a separate kitchen (AOR=0.38) were associated with a reduced risk of CAP.

Conclusions:

  • The prevalence of CAP in under-five children in Awi Zone is substantial.
  • Interventions focusing on nutritional support, prevention and early treatment of diarrhea and respiratory infections, and reducing indoor air pollution are recommended to mitigate CAP risk.
Abstract

Keywords:
Awi Zonecommunity acquired pneumoniadeterminantsunder-five childrenupper respiratory tract infection

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