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Updated: May 17, 2025

Four-Dimensional Printing of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Soft Robots

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4D-Printed Adaptive and Programmable Shape-Morphing Batteries.

Shaoshuai Ma¹, Pan Xue², Cristian Valenzuela¹

¹School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|May 16, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed programmable 4D-printed shape-morphing batteries using liquid crystal elastomers and zinc-ion microbatteries. These adaptable power sources can change shape on demand for soft electronics and interactive systems.

Keywords:

4D printing adaptive materials liquid crystal elastomers origami batteries shape‐morphing batteries

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Soft Robotics
Energy Storage

Background:

Shape-morphing capabilities are crucial for advanced soft electronics and robotics.
Developing programmable and adaptive energy storage solutions remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer novel 4D-printed shape-morphing batteries with on-demand programmability and adaptive responsiveness.
To integrate shape-programmable liquid crystal elastomers with flexible zinc-ion microbatteries.

Main Methods:

Sequential direct-ink-writing of liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) and zinc-ion microbatteries.
In-situ covalent crosslinking to ensure robust interfacial bonding.
Finite element analysis to elucidate shape-morphing mechanisms.
Integration with all-MXene printed near-field communication antennas.

Main Results:

Demonstrated controllable, reversible, and programmable shape-morphing in batteries via LCE molecular alignment.
Fabricated diverse origami batteries with precise spatiotemporal control and adaptive transformations.
Developed adaptive systems with interactive communication and sensing capabilities, responding to environmental changes.
Achieved robust integration between LCEs and microbatteries through covalent crosslinking.

Conclusions:

This work presents a new paradigm for next-generation shape-morphing power sources.
The developed technology offers significant potential for human-machine interactive electronics and swarm intelligence applications.
The programmable nature and adaptive responsiveness pave the way for sophisticated soft electronic systems.