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Related Concept Videos

Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
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Gene Flow02:39

Gene Flow

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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2025

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

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Reduced Parallel Gene Expression Evolution With Increasing Genetic Divergence-A Hallmark of Polygenic Adaptation.

Dangy A V Thorhölludottir1,2, Sheng-Kai Hsu1,2, Neda Barghi1

  • 1Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Molecular Ecology
|May 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parallel evolution of gene expression becomes less common as genetic divergence increases. This suggests that the genetic architecture driving adaptation becomes more distinct, impacting evolutionary redundancy.

Keywords:
convergent evolutiondivergencegene expression evolutionparallel evolutionregulatory evolution

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An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations
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An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations
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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Parallel evolution, the repeated emergence of similar traits in distinct lineages, is a key area in evolutionary biology.
  • Previous research primarily focused on phenotypic parallelism and its genetic underpinnings.
  • The extent of gene expression parallelism across varying genetic divergence levels remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolution of gene expression parallelism in Drosophila populations.
  • To examine how gene expression changes under the same environmental pressure across different genetic divergence levels (within-population, between-population, and between-species).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized replicate Drosophila populations subjected to a shared novel environment.
  • Analyzed gene expression patterns at three distinct genetic divergence levels.
  • Quantified the heterogeneity of adaptive gene expression changes relative to genetic divergence.

Main Results:

  • Adaptive gene expression changes showed increased heterogeneity with greater genetic divergence between groups.
  • The study identified that adaptive architecture, including allele frequencies and locus effect sizes, diverges with increasing genetic distance.
  • A reduction in parallel gene expression evolution was observed as genetic divergence increased.

Conclusions:

  • Redundancy plays a critical role in both genetic adaptation and the evolution of gene expression.
  • Findings support the omnigenic model, where selection acts on higher-order phenotypes.
  • This research enhances understanding of phenotypic evolution and the intricate relationship between genomic and molecular adaptation.